Reflection
Although this was not part of the assessment criteria, I felt the need to write a reflection on my Portfolio/Loveday Review as I have never had to complete a body of work of this size before. The reflection also includes my Research Essay and Project Proposal which were the other two assessment tasks for the subject I did this assessment for, JOUR320 (Journalism Project). These two assessments led to the completion of the Portfolio/Loveday Review.
“Wolfe’s manifesto has long been considered the New Journalism’s bible; and as with the bible, it contains a creation story and a set of guiding principles. The principles are fairly straightforward. The New Journalism uses complete dialogue, rather than the snippets quoted in daily journalism; proceeds scene by scene, much as in a movie; incorporates varying points of view, rather than telling a story solely from the perspective of the narrator; and pays close attention to status details about the appearance and behaviour of its characters. Rigorously reported, the New Journalism reads ‘like a story’.” (Boynton, 2005, p xvi)
In regards to the three articles I wrote, whilst I did try my best to meet these principles, I don’t believe I did, at least not fully. Features, let alone long-form literary features, despite my three years of creative writing as well as journalism study, are not my strong suit.
“It was encouraged as journalists learnt during the development and popularity of New/Literary journalism is that readers want quality storytelling so they began to focus on “why” and the “how” news values rather than the who, what, where and when—that is the focus for the daily newspaper reports. (Loveday, 2013, p2)”
Despite my inability to meet the literary writing guidelines, I believe with the three articles I wrote I did succeed on focusing on the “why” and the “how” news values by analysing the changes to licensing laws and whether they will be effective in The Learning Curve, analysing why people feel the need to impose strict cleaning and safety guidelines on children in Popping the Bubble Wrap and analysing why people might vote for what political party in Ticking the Right Boxes.
“At its best literary journalism is about storytelling that re-creates a compelling narrative, celebrates detail, explores the perspective of the characters and taps into themes that are universal and thereby endure.” (Eisenhuth, 2007 p 41).
Driving, child care/school and voting in elections are universal topics and themes as everyone would be driven around and would learn how to drive in their lives, everyone has been in child care and school and everyone does vote in elections—state and federal, eventually.
“News Review stories tend to be factual, newsworthy and dry, in the sense that they display literary qualities but read more like a news story than a magazine story.” (Loveday, 2013, p1)
Despite my stories not meeting Literary Journalism requirements, I believe they do meet the style requirements of News Review stories.
“News Review reporters wouldn’t necessarily have months or years to spend on a story and neither do I, I have eleven weeks, not eleven months. That’s why I will be writing news features with content that is constantly in the news and/or has traction.” (Loveday, 2013, p1)
Due to the time limits of a university semester (fifteen weeks) as well as having to complete two other university subjects as well as having other life commitments such as a job, I didn’t have the luxury of spending weeks, months and years with subjects, so I went with the news approach and wrote stories similar to those seen in News Review. As previously mentioned, my three stories revolved around universal themes and topics and certain parts of life that everyone goes through or is a part of and therefore is constantly in the news and has traction.
“Each news feature will be approximately 1000-3000 words.” (Loveday, 2013, p2)
All three of my articles are over 1000 words. The Learning Curve is 2,272 words, Popping the Bubble Wrap is 1,602 words and Ticking the Right Boxes is 1,841 words.
1. The Learning Curve
My article did not go into the depth of the history of the process between getting a learner licence to an unrestricted licence and when L’s, red P’s and green P’s came along. However I did touch on it briefly and I did go into depth about the changes in the licences. I did not compare previous licences and times when the rules wouldn’t have been as strict, however I did go into depth as to why the process is needed and whether it is effective. This story turned out the way I thought it would. I interviewed two people who held a learner licence and a provisional two licence and a driving instructor but not an RTA employee or specialist. I asked most of the interview questions I proposed.
2. Ticking the Right Boxes
I took a completely different approach than originally planned. I instead interviewed representatives of all parties: Paul Ell from the UOW Liberal Club, Jess Di Blasio from the NSW Greens and Dominic Ofner from NSW Young Labor. I also interviewed Rohan Wenn from GetUp! which is an independent organisation. I analysed different aspects of what makes a voters’ decision whole. I did not interview other voters. I asked most of the interview questions I proposed.
3. Popping the Bubble Wrap
This didn’t turn out to be an opinion piece and I did succeed in analysing the need to keep children bubble wrapped. This story did turn out how I thought it would. I did manage to interview a psychologist and a doctor, however I did not manage to interview people from parent support groups, child care centres or schools, I did manage to interview two mothers. I asked most of the interview questions I proposed.
4. Day in the Life of (audio slideshow)
The slideshow turned out differently to what I thought it would as I completed it on students who lived at Marketview. I did this as an attempt to take an anthropological approach with a story as I couldn’t take that approach with the written stories. I think this was a different way to meet the requirement of spending time with subjects in New/Literary journalism. I interviewed thirteen people in total and used eight people for my slideshow.
Overall, I am quite proud of Loveday Review and what I achieved and I hope you like the “clever” name I chose for my mini publication.
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Project Proposal
“This sort of writing actually takes more reporting, not less. You need to be a prodigious and talented reporter before you even have the opportunity to become a writer of narrative journalism.” (Siegel, 2007, p 73)
This portfolio will be my first attempt of a mini-publication of New/Literary journalism. Although I will strive and work hard to produce quality work, in particular, quality news feature articles, I know I certainly won’t be able to live up to the standards of Wolfe, Capote or Talese.
“Due to the lack of Australian Literary journalism examples in comparison to the examples of the American Literary journalism, where the form was most prominent that have appeared during the course of my research, as well as the different Literary styles for the different types of content, this essay has lead to my interest in completing a News Review-like portfolio of work. My challenge will be to explore and find out whether a combination of News, Features and Opinions on different issues; serious and light hearted can work as a Literary journalism publication.” This is the conclusion to my research essay and the core of my portfolio and its aims.
A DISCUSSION ABOUT THE PROPOSED CONTENT OF THE STORIES AND A JUSTIFICATION FOR THIS APPROACH
In order to create a News Review-like portfolio, I will attempt to write content similar to its content, however as I stated in the conclusion of my research essay I will be exploring and writing articles of news, features (more likely news feature) and opinions on different issues; serious and light hearted to find out if they can work as a literary journalism publication.
The content would contain the core newspaper characteristics of news writing: the six news values (who, what, where, when, why and how. With the key emphasis on the why and the how as that is a core quality of New/Literary journalism). News Review stories tend to be factual, newsworthy and dry, in the sense that they display literary qualities but read more like a news story than a magazine story. Hence those stories and my stories are not stories that would be published in a lifestyle magazine. News Review reporters wouldn’t necessarily have months or years to spend on a story and neither do I, I have eleven weeks, not eleven months. That’s why I will be writing news features with content that is constantly in the news and/or has traction.
AN OUTLINE OF THE TYPES OF ARTICLES TO BE PROVIDED (NEWS, FEATURES, OPINION PIECE)
“Underpinning all forms of feature writing are the following fundamental ingredients: strong research, strong ‘talent’ (journalists’ jargon for sources), strong writing and a strong structure.” (Kasinger, 2009, p x)
In order to create a News Review-like portfolio, I will attempt to write articles similar to its style. I will be writing four extended news feature articles and as part of the multi-media requirement, since I have not learnt video journalism skills, my multi-media piece will be an audio slideshow. Each news feature will be approximately 1000-3000 words.
1. The Learning Wheel (Legal)
There has been a recent government announcement that Learner drivers could slash their required driving hours from 120 to 80 hours if they complete a safety course and have driving lessons as well as increasing the maximum speed limit from 80km/h to 90 km/h. These changes are adding to an already long and complex process for Australian drivers, especially young Australian drivers to reach the end of the line to get their full licence. Although the statistics support the need for Learner drivers to be on the road for longer—the more experience, the less accidents there will be. But why is there the need for so many obstacles and changes in the laws. Do the proposed changes mean that the NSW government may have had it wrong with the changes from 50-120 hours?
This article would go into depth of the history of the process between getting a learner licence to an unrestricted licence. When did L’s, red P’s and green P’s come along, how they’ve changed and also comparing back to the times when the rules and the process wasn’t so strict and involved. This article would go into depth as to why this process is needed and whether it really is effective.
2. Ticking the right box? (Political)
There is less than six months until the Federal election—the last five years of politics beginning from when Kevin Rudd won in a landslide in 2007 after eleven years of Liberal government only to be ousted and replaced by his Deputy, Julia Gillard in 2010, until the leadership spill ending the month of March, have been tumultuous and unpredictable. Now that the election is approaching, how have voters views changed? Will voters remain loyal? Will they swing? Are they becoming complacent?
This story is “an oldie but a goodie”—what I mean by that is that there are stories constantly like this not only in News Review, but in newspapers in general. I believe this is because the political environment is constantly changing—every week, every month, every year, let alone every four years between elections. This story would focus on how the changes effect the voters’ views (Jessica Rudd spoke of voters “employing” the politicians, which is an anecdote I will use) and why the political environment is constantly changing.
3. Popping the bubble wrap (Social)
Are the days where kids ate dirt, played in the sand and got a share of a classmate’s birthday cake which was evenly cut by their mother so everyone could have a slice gone? Last month, a report came out detailing guidelines from the National Health and Medical Research Council which required that day care staff wash toys, doorknobs and cushion covers every day and that kids would be required to wash their hands before playing in the sandpit and to encourage parents to bring individual cupcakes instead of one big cake for their child’s birthday celebration at school to prevent the spread of germs.
This story would analyse why there is a need—official or not to keep kids bubble wrapped, why it is happening more in these times than say in the past, for example 10 to 20 years ago and whether this is beneficial to children or if it hinders their health. This could possibly be an opinion piece as this is a highly debated issue that almost everyone has an opinion on and could relate it to other similar “nanny state” issues.
4. Day in the Life of….(audio slideshow) (social/lifestyle)
Inspired by News Review’s “Lunch with…” articles as well as immersion, a crucial quality of New/Literary Journalism, I am planning on completing an audio slideshow about the day in the life of, which would consist of photographs of the subject and audio of the subject describing their day; their daily rituals and routines, job, why they do the things that they do, etc.
For this to work and be interesting, it would have to be someone of either prominence or someone who a reader/viewer would find interesting and would want to know more about. It would require a lot of thinking outside the box.
A DISCUSSION OF POSSIBLE TALENT TO BE INTERVIEWED FOR THE PORTFOLIO AND A LIST OF QUESTIONS TO BE ASKED AND POSSIBLE SOURCES:
Possible Talent and Sources to be interviewed:
1. The Learning Wheel
-Learner Drivers
-Provisional Drivers (Red Ps and Green Ps)
-Full Licence Drivers
-RTA employee or specialist
-Driving instructors
2. Ticking the right box?
-First time voters
-Long-time voters
-Swinging voters
-Political expert
-GetUp! Employees/experts
-Political groups
3. Popping the bubble wrap
-Psychologist
-Parent support groups
-Day care centre and school workers
-Doctor and/or other physical health expert
4. Day in the life of…
-I plan on this focusing on one subject, so at this time, I believe no other sources are needed, but of course that is most likely to change.
List of questions to be asked:
1. The Learning Wheel
-Does the announcement of these changes which give Learner drivers slightly more freedom mean that the Government got it wrong by enforcing strict rules?
-Should Learner and Provisional drivers be able to drive at the same speed as full licence drivers?
-Why is there a need for the long process for Australians, especially young Australians to eventually obtain their full licence?
-Why are the proposed changes and restrictions necessary?
-When were the Learner and Provisional licences established and why?
-Does imposing such strict rules on Learner and Provisional drivers actually make the roads and the drivers safer?
-Why do you believe that it is so hard for young Australians to get their licences now then it was say twenty to thirty years ago? Is it a societal issue? An age issue? What do you think?
2. Ticking the right box?
-Now that the election is approaching, after all of the events in politics in the last five years since Labor took power, how do you think voters views have changed?
-Has your views on politics and your political party changed? If so why? (This is to specific voter and political groups)
-Do you believe that voters are becoming complacent?
-How seriously should voters take the Nielsen Polls?
-Do you believe that first-time voters are disengaged or don’t care or do you think that they are possibly not educated enough in politics to understand how politics works to make an informed vote?
3. Popping the bubble wrap
-Do you believe that as a society, we are living in a more “bubble wrapped” or “nanny state”?
-Do you believe that parents and medical research groups are taking trying to keep their children healthy and these findings too seriously?
-Many people say that kids should eat dirt, play in the sand, get diseases such as chicken pox, (there are stories of parents throwing “pox parties” so that their kids get infected so that they become immune to the disease). Do you believe that statement is still true? Or have health issues and concerns changed over time that being more cautious about germs and diseases is necessary?
-Do you believe recommendations such as; having parents bring in a cupcake with a candle for their child to blow out on their birthday and for childrens’ hands to be sanitised before and after they play is necessary?
-Does having reports and recommendations like this benefit or hinder a child’s health?
-Do you believe that from a parent’s perspective that they are trying to do what is best for their children?
4. Day in the life of…
-Questions would depend on the subject that I choose and how the day unfolds.
N.B. I am aware of the little amount of possible questions for each story, but my questions—the amount and the content and context would differ from source to source, especially depending on whom they are in regards to the story.
A DISCUSSION OF POSSIBLE ONLINE PUBLICATION POINTS SUCH AS WIKINEWS, TIKLAR, WORDPRESS
I am currently undertaking two other journalism subjects which have assessments which involve establishing blogs on WordPress, and I have also completed a past assessment which was also a blog on WordPress, therefore I will also complete my mini-publication on WordPress.
My mini-publication will be at this WordPress site: http://www.lovedayreview.wordpress.com
As with WordPress, I have used Weebly to complete a past assessment, therefore my audio slideshow will be uploaded onto Weebly when it is completed. My audio slideshow will be my last piece of the mini-publication. I will upload a post onto WordPress about my audio slideshow and provide the link to Weebly in the post.
A DISCUSSION OF POSSIBLE CHECKING MECHANISMS, TRIANGULATION AND DOCUMENTATION ACQUISITION AND A DISCUSSION OF POSSIBLE COURT RECORDS OR OTHER RELIABLE BUTTRESSING OF EVIDENCE
The methods in which I would do this is through secondary research before and after my interviews. The methods, especially with the stories I have chosen to write about would include:
-The subject’s personal website
-Government department website (specific departments for specific stories, especially for the learner driver and “bubble wrap” story)
-Press releases
-News media articles as well as their archives, eg. Fairfax Archives
-Relevant local council websites, press releases and briefs
-UOW Library’s Databases and Journal Articles, for example the Creative Arts databases and SAGE Journals Online.
-RTA website
-RTA branches
-The official website of the political parties (Liberals, Labor, Greens, etc.)
-National Health and Medical Research Council’s official website
-Official websites of specific parents’ support groups
-Medical journals and articles relating to the “bubble wrap” issues
-GetUp! Website
REFERENCES:
BOOKS:
Eisenhuth, S & McDonald, W (eds), 2007, The Writer’s Reader Understanding Journalism and Non-Fiction, Cambridge University Press, New York, United States of America.
Kasinger, M, Richardson, N & Tanner, S, 2009, Feature Writing (Telling the Story), Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia.
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New/Literary Journalism Research Essay
This research essay will be analysing New/Literary Journalism; it will explore the history of New/Literary journalism: the current issues, the angles and areas of controversy and its strengths and weaknesses. The analysis of the history will lead to an identical analysis of the Sydney Morning Herald’s News Review section also looking at their current issues, the angles and areas of controversy in their stories and the sections strengths and weaknesses as well as analysing which issues are covered strongly, the problems in its current coverage and gaps in current coverage. This research essay’s conclusion will lead into my project proposal. For the purposes of this research essay, my project proposal and my major work, I will be combining the terms of New/Literary journalism.
“Literary journalism has developed its styles and standards in a long evolution over several centuries—an evolution in which the most dramatic changes came in response to disruptive cultural forces such as revolution, economic depression, war and liberation—and has its basis in the origins of non-fiction prose.” (Sims, 2007, p20)
To complete a major project inspired and based on New/Literary Journalism, one has to understand the history of the form as well as the qualities and traits needed to write quality New/Literary Journalism articles.
Tom Wolfe’s manifesto, The New Journalism is famous for defining the devices, rules and qualities of New/Literary journalism as well as presenting an anthology of work by famous writers and journalists that proved these devices, rules and qualities. Although New/Literary journalism was established itself as a popular form in the 1960s and 1970s and it’s where it was at its best, the form was not invented during that time.
Wolfe and other writers, journalists and researchers of the form believe the earliest examples of New/Literary journalism date back to the nineteenth century with sketches, in which similar to Literary journalism had journalists write about everyday life as a result of immersion, which would be later known as a staple quality of Literary journalism, only it was “short, done in a day” (Sims, 2007, p49) as opposed to journalists spending several weeks, months and even years that the Literary journalists of the 1960s and 1970s and even today, on a story. However the sketch eventually lost popularity and traction due to a change in newspaper trends at the beginning of the twentieth century.
“The sketch as a standard news story did not survive the facts trend at the beginning of the twentieth century. Newspapers increasingly avoided personal reporting and sketches; editors wanted readers to believe that the newspaper was the narrator and the newspaper was a somber (and sober) ever-trustworthy citizen.” (Sims, 2007, p59)
This pattern of the style of New/Literary journalism changing due to trends didn’t end with the beginning of the twentieth century. The biggest changes in New/Literary journalism came with World War I, the Depression and the Vietnam War. During the Depression, text-and-picture books were popular.
“As is common in an age of planned obsolescence, the New Journalism didn’t remain new for long. ‘Whatever happened to the New Journalism?’ wondered Thomas Powers in Commonweal, two years after Wolfe’s manifesto appeared. By the 1980s the consensus was that the New Journalism was dead.” (Boynton, 2005, pp xix-xx)
The fact that magazines that specialise in New/Literary journalism such as Esquire, Vanity Fair, Rolling Stone, the Atlantic and the New Yorker as well as Australian examples; Vanity Fair, Rolling Stone, News Review (Sydney Morning Herald) and the Monthly adequately prove that this statement is not entirely true, however the form may not be as popular as it was in Wolfe’s time purely because it is no longer “new.”
“Wolfe’s manifesto has long been considered the New Journalism’s bible; and as with the bible, it contains a creation story and a set of guiding principles. The principles are fairly straightforward. The New Journalism uses complete dialogue, rather than the snippets quoted in daily journalism; proceeds scene by scene, much as in a movie; incorporates varying points of view, rather than telling a story solely from the perspective of the narrator; and pays close attention to status details about the appearance and behaviour of its characters. Rigorously reported, the New Journalism reads ‘like a story’.” (Boynton, 2005, p xvi)
It has become clear due to the nature of New/Literary journalism that journalists who write to this form do not have to stick to the strict inverted pyramid style that is enforced into journalists when they become part of the journalistic world. Journalists were allowed to involve themselves in their stories, in fact, it was encouraged as journalists learnt during the development and popularity of New/Literary journalism is that readers want quality storytelling so they began to focus on “why” and the “how” news values rather than the who, what, where and when—that is the focus for the daily newspaper reports.
“At its best literary journalism is about storytelling that re-creates a compelling narrative, celebrates detail, explores the perspective of the characters and taps into themes that are universal and thereby endure.” (Eisenhuth, 2007 p 41).
Due to journalists writing stories catering to those two specific news values, the stories tap into universal themes that the reader can relate to; especially since Literary journalists would immerse themselves into the lives of their subjects.
Due to the necessary techniques of Literary journalism articles being descriptive and “reading like a story”, there have been accusations of journalists being fictitious with some of their work.
“New Journalism, as described by Wolfe, involved ‘scene-by-scene construction’, recording dialogue ‘in full’ and ‘presenting every scene to the reader through the eyes of a particular character.’ But you should remember that while the journalist may aim to produce the work that reads like a novel, this work should never stray from the truth. It is clearly non-fiction and as such, should never include fabricated facts, composite characters or invented scenarios (that bag of tricks is for the fiction writer).” (Kasinger 2009, pg xi)
This description by Wolfe is accurate and as previously stated, New/Literary journalists had to undertake more in-depth reporting and be on assignment for longer, often spending weeks, months and sometimes years with their subjects, in order to immerse themselves in their lives and therefore write a quality Literary article, one example of this is from Australian author, Evan Whitton. In 1967, Whitton wrote a feature article for Truth, a Melbourne newspaper on the lives of pensioners. Instead of just interviewing pensioners, he lived the life of one. “He dressed in old clothes, lived on the equivalent of a government hand out, was fed by charities and slept in a Fitzroy doss house, spending his days as a down-and-out pensioner, looking in shop windows and lounging in public libraries to stave off the boredom and the cold.” (Kasinger, 2009, pg xiii) Whitton won a Walkley Award for this feature.
What this example demonstrates is a journalist’s dedication to accurately reporting and writing a story on an issue that anyone can relate to, again touching on the crucial universality needed for literary journalism, which is the main strength of the form. However due to the need for journalists to immerse themselves in their subject’s lives, they can also suffer from some ramifications.
“Capote, Herr and Didion all suffered personal and psychological reaction as a result of such intense involvement with the people and the cultures they were reporting on. As they researched their stories, they were not separate from the worlds they were researching; they were participants.” (Sims, 2007, p257)
“Credible, thoughtful, intelligent—News Review provides incisive commentary on key news and events. This informative section delivers thought provoking analysis of the week’s events and outs a spin on the news, dissecting the arguments and defining the issues. Stylishly presented and committed to quality journalism, News Review is a refreshing weekend read. Fast becoming one of Saturday’s most popular sections, News Review attracts a broadly based readership and consistently delivers discerning and involved readers, with the ability and desire to purchase across a wide range of products and services.”1
Although News Review may not be purely literary journalism; I believe it is a combination of extended news features with New/Literary journalism qualities. Paul McGeough demonstrates extended news feature and Literary writing qualities at the same time in his recent News Review piece; Best We Forget, which was published in the March 16-17th edition.
“These road trips early last month, hundreds of kilometres over 10 days, reveal the stunning beauty of the craggy mountains where the light and mood change by the minute. Unseen, but seeping through villages tucked into the folds of each valley, are all the elements of a cultural and political force-field little altered after more than a decade in the embrace of what the Afghan people were assured would be the civilised arms of the West.” (Paul McGeough, 2013, p 8).
Here, McGeough is describing the physical traits of the mountains and villages, but also the cultural, political and emotional environment within the physical environment that is present after a decade of war.
Due to the weekly frequency of News Review as well as the news constantly changing on a daily (sometimes more than once and twice a day) basis, journalists writing for News Review would not necessarily be able to invest months or years on a subject and/or a story. However, the journalists who do write for News Review and the stories that they write are experts in their field. “New Direction a must for any hopes of survival” one of the stories focusing on the leadership spill, in this story, focusing on former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and his choice to not challenge Prime Minister Julia Gillard was written by James Button, a former speechwriter for Kevin Rudd. Other political stories are also written by political correspondents.
The variety of stories that the News Review choose to publish; stories that range from politics and the recent leadership spill, to proposed new laws for L-Plater drivers, to well-educated and intelligent people becoming drug addicts and what it means to have a non-European Pope, is a strength for the publication. It is a strength as it focuses on these news issues in more depth and can provide readers with more information and provide them with an understanding on the issue. However due to the frequency of the publication and that it is a section of the newspaper and not a stand-alone publication, it has to maintain a newspaper writing style and consistency and therefore is not as literary as it should or could be.
The issues that are covered strongly in News Review are clearly news stories that are prominent during that week, especially stories that could affect readers’ perspective on the world and the daily decisions that they make, such as politics and who to vote for in this year’s Federal election. Some problems that could come from this coverage is, as much as each article would be unique, there is the possibility of repetition and what would be classed as “newsworthy” for News Review could be pushing other stories that may not be as newsworthy, but worth publishing in News Review aside. As News Review obviously is a news publication, there aren’t many “light hearted” stories in the publication, they are not stories that readers would find in lifestyle magazines. However, the avid and loyal reader of News Review would not be reading the publication for light hearted stories.
Due to the lack of Australian Literary journalism examples in comparison to the examples of the American Literary journalism, where the form was most prominent that have appeared during the course of my research, as well as the different Literary styles for the different types of content, this essay has lead to my interest in completing a News Review-like portfolio of work. My challenge will be to explore and find out whether a combination of News, Features and Opinions on different issues; serious and light hearted can work as a Literary journalism publication.
FOOTNOTE
1 This quote was directly taken from the Fairfax Media Ad Centre Website about the News Review section of the Sydney Morning Herald. This quote can be found here: http://ffx.adcentre.com.au/the-sydney-morning-herald/news/news-review-section.aspx
REFERENCES
BOOKS
Boynton, R, 2005, The New New Journalism: Conversations with America’s Best Nonfiction Writers on their craft, Random House, Canada.
Chance, J & McKeen, W, 2001, Literary Journalism A Reader, Wadsworth Thomson Learning, USA.
Eisenhuth, S & McDonald, W (eds), 2007, The Writer’s Reader Understanding Journalism and Non-Fiction, Cambridge University Press, New York, United States of America.
Kasinger, M, Richardson, N & Tanner, S, 2009, Feature Writing (Telling the Story), Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia.
Sims, N, 2007, True Stories: A Century of Literary Journalism, Northwestern University Press, United States of America.
Wolfe, T, 1973, The New Journalism, Picador/Pan Books, London, United Kingdom.
WEBSITE
Fairfax Media: The Sydney Morning Herald, Sections, News Review, 2008, News Review, viewed 28 March 2013, http://ffx.adcentre.com.au/the-sydney-morning-herald/news/news-review-section.aspx